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Counterfeit detection primer -- periodic post
Subject: Counterfeit detection primer -- periodic post From: Reid Goldsborough Date: 11/8/2003 2:52 PM Pacific Standard Time Message-id: What follows is a distillation of many people's opinions and observations, including my own. Additions and corrections are welcomed. This document is copyrighted -- please don't republish elsewhere. HMTL version available he http://rg.ancients.info/guide. Counterfeit detection primer -- periodic post - - - IN A NUTSHELL: Counterfeit coins are an unavoidable reality in the numismatic marketplace, particularly with ancient coins though with modern coins as well. Learning the diagnostics of forgeries as well as the characteristics of authentic coins, buying from reputable dealers, avoiding sellers with a no-return policy claiming they're selling coins from an estate, and buying smart in general can minimize your exposure. The study of counterfeits, along with protecting you, can also be interesting in itself. - - - Perhaps the most frequent question collectors of ancient coins are asked by noncollectors is, "How do you know it's real?" The disconcerting answer sometimes is, "You don't." Not with all coins, not with certainty. The fact is, significant numbers of counterfeit ancient coins are sold as authentic coins. But counterfeiting can be a problem for collectors of modern coins too. Sometimes coins are altered from a common variety to a rare one, a form of counterfeiting. The issue of counterfeits shouldn't deter you from collecting either ancient or modern coins. The number of ancient coin fakes on the market is dwarfed by the number of genuine coins, which were produced in staggering numbers in ancient times. The same is true with modern coins. But counterfeiting is an issue that any savvy collector needs to face. Counterfeit coin detection, particularly with ancient coins, is as much art as science. Because ancients were struck by hand and because of the wide variability of their designs, even the best experts are sometimes fooled. Dealers bought large numbers of counterfeit ancient coins as authentic coins at the 1999 and 1988 New York International Numismatic Conventions, coins that only later were discovered to be forgeries. Many dealers contacted buyers and refunded their money, but many of these fakes remain on the market. The most frequently seen counterfeit or altered U.S. coins, according to PCGS's 1997 book Coin Grading and Counterfeit Detection, include: * 1856 Flying Eagle cent * 1909-S VDB Lincoln cent * 1955 double-die Lincoln cent * 1916-D Mercury dime * Cincinnati commemorative half dollar * 1804 Bust dollar (a million dollar rarity) * 1893-S Morgan dollar * Saint-Gaudens high-relief double eagle Other frequently seen counterfeit or altered U.S. coins, according to collectors and dealers, include the 1914-D and 1922 Lincoln cents, 1943 bronze Lincoln cent, 1913 Liberty Head nickel (a million dollar rarity), and 1937-D three-legged Buffalo nickel. Unless you're a specialist, you should think carefully about buying any of the above coins unless they're in the slab of a legitimate grading/authentication service, such as PCGS, NGC, ANACS, or ICG. With ancient coins, even low-cost specimens are counterfeited today. As Wayne Sayles points out in his 2001 book Classical Deception: Counterfeits, Forgeries and Reproductions of Ancient Coins, you can no longer assume that it's impractical for someone to make deceptive fakes of inexpensive coins, including someone living in relative poverty in Eastern Europe who may have advanced engraving skills or even a university degree in metallurgy. Counterfeits Online Fakes of modern and ancient coins sold on eBay as authentic coins are a frequent problem, though if you follow the online coin discussion groups, these fakes are frequently exposed. One common scam is for a seller to create an auction of a counterfeit coin, or many counterfeit coins, while preventing people from contacting bidders, which is the most common way that this kind of fraud is stopped (despite the fact that doing this is against official eBay policy). You shouldn't count on eBay to prevent or stop the auction of even the most blatant counterfeits or prevent sellers with a history of selling large numbers of counterfeits from engaging in online fraud. eBay has a policy of noninterference, stating that it's just a venue bringing buyers and sellers together. You're largely on your own. It's a good idea to stick with reputable sellers -- you can learn who these are by asking around online -- and avoid sellers who don't offer return privileges, particularly those claiming to be selling coins from an estate. The old maxim applies: "If a deal looks too good to be true, it probably is." On the other hand, you shouldn't indiscriminately, and irresponsibly, condemn coins you see online -- online pictures often provide only a fraction of the information you need to properly evaluate a coin's authenticity. But there's nothing wrong with questioning a coin online. If others feel the coin is not suspicious, the seller of the coin will undoubtedly wind up with favorable publicity, and this can lead to more bids and a higher selling price. The coin industry prefers not to discuss too loudly the issue of counterfeits for fear of scaring off collectors. But knowledge is power. As a collector, the more you know, the greater the chance you'll avoid getting taken. Don't overreact and run away. But don't put your head in the sand either. Ownership of Counterfeits The study of counterfeits can actually be an enjoyable part of the hobby of collecting coins, ancient as well as modern. Some collectors enjoy creating a "black cabinet" (also called "black museum") of counterfeit coins for educational purposes, as help in counterfeit detection, and as examples of the black art of counterfeiting. In his American Numismatic Association (ANA) video titled "Famous Fakes and Fakers," Ken Bressett, editor of the Red Book and past president of the ANA, points out that some counterfeits can be considered "true numismatic items" that are "enjoyable to study and collect." The issue of ownership of counterfeit collectable coins, however, is a controversial one, more so with U.S. coins, which are still legal tender regardless of their age, than ancient coins. The American Numismatic Association recommends that you turn in counterfeit coins to it or the U.S. Secret Service. But hundreds if not thousands of auction houses, dealers, and collectors keep counterfeits of collectible coins on hand, and the ANA recognizes this. Those who elect to keep counterfeits should clearly identify them on the labels of their holders to help prevent them from someday inadvertently being sold as genuine coins, says Robert W. Hoge, former curator at the American Numismatic Association, current curator at the American Numismatic Society. The legalities regarding mere possession of these bogus coins aren't clear. Two areas of U.S. law deal with counterfeit coins. Title 18, Part I, Chapter 25 (Counterfeiting and Forgery) of the U.S. Code, Sections 485, 489, and 492 deal with counterfeits of U.S. and world coins. The Hobby Protection Act of 1973 (Title 15, Chapter 48, Sections 2101 through 2106 of the U.S. Code, plus 1988 amendments) deals with counterfeits of ancient coins. Nothing in the above statutes says that simple possession of counterfeits of collectible coins is illegal, and no court in the U.S. has ever ruled on the legality of this. According to Armen R. Vartian, the most visible numismatic legal expert in the U.S., "The statutes do not criminalize the mere possession of counterfeit money." Vartian, a lawyer, numismatist, Coin World legal columnist, and author of the book A Legal Guide to Buying and Selling Art and Collectibles, says it's illegal to own counterfeit coins if your intention is to defraud others with them (sell them as genuine), and it's illegal to refuse to surrender them if the government asks you to, which it's entitled to under the law. That's why Vartian and others recommend that those who maintain black cabinets of counterfeit coins do so quietly. Others feel, however, that mere possession of counterfeits of collectible coins is illegal. Ultimately, it's all opinion because no law or court has ever specifically addressed the issue (there's no "judicial clarity"), though some opinions are considerably more informed than others. Perhaps the bottom line is that nobody has ever been arrested or fined in the U.S. for owning a counterfeit of a collectible coin since the Secret Service, an agency of the U.S. Treasury, began policing the money supply in 1865 and undoubtedly from before this time as well. Although the Secret Service has confiscated high-visibility collections of counterfeits of U.S. coins, this hasn't happened in some 30 years. The ownership of counterfeits of collectible coins a non-issue today in the eyes of the authorities. Protecting Yourself from Fakes The most commonly repeated advice to avoid getting cheated by unwittingly buying a counterfeit as an authentic coin is to buy from a respected dealer or auction house who offers a lifetime guarantee of authenticity with return privileges. But in the age of the Internet, deals can often be had through eBay buying from fellow collectors who are upgrading their coins or otherwise selling them off or buying ancient coins from direct sellers personally bringing them into the U.S. from Europe. Even here, though, sellers should offer a lifetime guarantee of authenticity with return privileges in case the coin later turns out to be fake. The most common reason a coin is condemned by an expert as being a forgery is, "It doesn't look right." Dealers who've handled many thousands of authentic coins are usually (not always) able to pick out fakes, even if they're not always able to verbalize why. Part of this involves knowing what authentic coins of a particular type typically look like. Part of this involves knowing what counterfeits typically look like. Indications of a cast counterfeit include: * Soft details * Soapy surfaces * Round, mushy boundaries where the devices and legends meet the coin's field * Pitting from air bubbles created during the casting process. (Pitting may not appear if centrifugal casting was used. Genuine coins often show some pitting, or porosity, caused by corrosion, though these pits are typically rougher at their edges, wider at their openings, and less round than pits caused by casting.) * Raised lumps of metal (some genuine ancient coins can show the same if made from rusty dies) * A seam around the edge where the two sides of the mold joined together (it's often filed off, in which case file marks are sometimes but not always visible; ancient coins made from cast flans may show evidence of a casting seam) * Light weight (or sometimes too heavy) * The existence of the an identical coin -- not only one made from the same dies but also one with the same centering, strike, wear patterns, and surface damage (forgers may add surface marks) Indications of an electrotype counterfeit include: * Edge seam * Light weight (or sometimes too heavy) Indications of a struck counterfeit include: * Unrealistic styling * Incorrect letters * Overly flat and uniform fields, particularly with ancient coins, caused by the use of a hydraulic press * Die match of a known forgery * Light weight (or sometimes too heavy) * Wrong metal * With ancient coins, the absence of any crystallization (some counterfeits are artificially corroded and aged with acids, while other times ancient metal is used) Testing There are also various quantitative tests you can do, or have done, to help with counterfeit detection. Often, any one test or tests aren't conclusive, but they can provide important information. 1. Weighing a coin, then comparing it with the common weight range for that coin. 2. Measuring a coin's diameter, then also comparing it with the common range for that coin. 3. Specific gravity testing This is a useful if not infallible test. You need to compare a coin's weight in two different media, such as air and water, using a precision scale. However, accuracy can be compromised by tiny air bubbles adhering to the coin's surface and, with ancient coins, internal porosity and voids within the coin's interior. The specific gravity of gold is 19.3, silver is 10.5, copper is 8.8, bronze is 8.7-7.8 (varies with how much tin, lead, and other metals it's alloyed with), brass is 8.6-8.4 (varies with how much zinc it's alloyed with), lead is 11.4, tin is 7.3, zinc (cast) is 6.9, iron (cast) is 7.2, and aluminum is 2.6. 4. Ring test Modern silver coins ring when you tap them. Modern non-silver coins don't, not in the same way. Ancient silver coins don't, not in the same way. With ancient coins, the reason is crystallization, which results when the silver alloy leaches copper and other impurities over time, causing voids between the silver grains. You can sometimes see under magnification feather-like crystals on the coin's surface, especially near the edges, though other times the crystallization is completely internal and invisible. To perform a ring test, balance the coin on the tip of your finger and tap it gently with another coin. With modern coins, you can wear a cotton glove to prevent fingerprints. You need to be careful you don't drop the coin or tap too hard. Highly crystallized ancient coins can break easily. If the coin emits a long resonating ring, like a bell, this indicates that it's a modern silver coin. If it's an ancient coin, this indicates it hasn't become crystallized, that it's likely a modern forgery, because crystallization dampens the ring. If the coin rings for only a second or two, this indicates it may be only slightly crystallized. If the coin emits a tink and doesn't resonate, this indicates it may be moderately crystallized. If the coin emits a thud, this indicates it may be heavily crystallized. The ring test is far from foolproof, however. Sometimes forgers use the flans of authentic, though inexpensive, ancient coins to produce old-metal counterfeits of expensive ancient coins, but this typically happens only with rare or otherwise pricey specimens. Counterfeits made of new silver having small, thick flans don't resonate as well as larger, thinner coins. Counterfeits of new silver may not ring at all if the flan is cracked, occluded with a gas bubble, or filled with another substance. Cast or electrotype counterfeits made of new silver also may not ring. Heavily alloyed silver coins or coins made of bronze, lead, or other base metals will also not ring like pure or nearly pure silver coins. 5. Non-destructive x-ray elemental analysis with a scanning electron microscope This is another useful if not infallible test that analyzes the elemental composition of a coin, but only at its surface to a depth of a few micrometers. The coin is bombarded with electrons, producing x-rays. Because each element has a unique x-ray signature, it's possible to detect which elements comprise the coin's surface, down to a sensitivity of about 0.1 percent (trace elements may not be detected). Authentication Often, a dealer will agree to look at a coin you're questioning, particularly a dealer you've bought from in the past, and offer his opinion regarding its authenticity. All of the established, legitimate grading services that deal with U.S. coins provide authentication along with grading, including: PCGS (Professional Coin Grading Service) http://www.pcgs.com NGC (Numismatic Guaranty Corporation of America) http://www.ngccoin.com ANACS (Amos Certification Service) http://www.anacs.com ICG (Independent Coin Grading Co.) http://www.icgcoin.com The following services provide ancient coin authentication: ACCS (Ancient Coin Certification Service) http://www.davidrsear.com/certification.html IBSCC (International Bureau for the Suppression of Counterfeit Coins) http://www.iapn.ch The British Museum, Department of Coins and Medals http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/cm/cmhome.html Education Learning about counterfeits can be fun, in addition to protecting you. The following are books about counterfeit U.S. coins: Coin Grading and Counterfeit Detection PCGS Ballantine Publishing Group, 1997 Counterfeit Detection Reference Guide Bill Fivaz Stanton Printing, 1997 Detecting Counterfeit and Altered U.S. Coins: A Correspondence Course J.P. Martin American Numismatic Association, 1996 Official Guide to Detecting Altered & Counterfeit U.S. Coins & Currency Marc Hudgeons House of Collectibles, 1981 Standard Catalog of Counterfeit and Altered United States Coins Virgil Hancock and Larry Spanbauer Sanford J. Durst, 1979 Counterfeit, Mis-struck, and Unofficial U.S. Coins: A Guide for the Detection of Cast and Struck Counterfeits, Electro-types, and Altered Coins Don Taxay Arco Pub. Co., 1963 The following Web sites provide information and/or photos of fake ancient coins: Calgary's Modern Fakes of Ancient Coins Information and photos of fakes of ancient coins http://www.calgarycoin.com/reference/fakes/fakes.htm Barry & Darling Ancient Coins' Counterfeits and Counterfeiters Information and photos of fakes of ancient coins http://www.ancient-times.com/newsletters/n13/n13.html Doug Smith's Fakes Information and photos of fakes of ancient coins http://www.ancientcoinmarket.com/ds/fakes/fakes.html Twelve Caesar's Fakes & Forgeries Information and photos of fakes of ancient coins http://www.12caesars.com/Fakes___For...forgeries.html Dennis Kroh's Ancient Coins & Modern Fakes Information about fakes of ancient coins http://members.aol.com/kroh/fakes.html CGB-CFG Fakes Photos of fakes of ancient coins http://www.cgb.fr/monnaies/articles/faux/indexgb.html Jencek's Modern Forgeries of Ancient Coins Photos of fakes of ancient coins http://www.ancient-coins.com/shop/ag...ies.htm&cart_i d=536193.26909*sf3lp4? Forgeries of Ancient Roman and Greek Coins Photos of fakes of ancient coins offered for sale as authentic coins on eBay http://www.chijanofuji.com/ancientforgeries.html Fakes Gallery Photos mostly of Slavey replicas of ancient coins http://www.ancientcoinart.com/fakes_gallery.html Slavey Replicas Photos of Slavey replicas of ancient coins http://people2.clarityconnect.com/we...ei_repros.html Discussing Fakes The following are two e-mail discussion groups specifically about counterfeit coins: CoinForgeryDiscussionList http://groups.yahoo.com/group/CoinForgeryDiscussionList ACFDL (Ancient Coin Forgeries Discussion List) http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ACFDL The Usenet discussion group rec.collecting.coins can be a good resource for getting opinions about questionable U.S. coins. You can access it through a newsreader such as Forte Agent, e-mail program with newsreading capabilities such as Microsoft Outlook Express, or the Web through Google Groups at http://groups.google.com. More Information Counterfeit Coin Bulletin http://www.money.org/publicationsdept.html Subscription periodical about recently discovered U.S., world, and ancient counterfeit coins American Numismatic Association (ANA) and the International Association of Professional Numismatists (IAPN) Counterfeit Coin Club http://www.brindin.com/hyperdict/ccc Group in Canada that puts out a subscription quarterly newsletter about counterfeit coins Here are some Web pages I've put together about counterfeit coins: Draped Bust Dollar Counterfeits http://mywebpages.comcast.net/reidgo...ts/page_7.html Bulgarian School Counterfeits of Apollonia Pontika Drachms http://www.rg.cointalk.org/bulgarian_school Parion Hemidrachm and Forgeries http://rg.ancients.info/parion Thracian and Thasos Tetradrachm Forgeries http://rg.ancients.info/thracetets/forgery.html Three Alexander the Great Fourees http://mywebpages.comcast.net/reidgold/fourees Deks: Three Ancient Greek Dekadrachms, Fake and Real http://mywebpages.comcast.net/reidgold/deks Ultimately, as long as you're careful, you shouldn't fret over the possibility of getting fooled by counterfeits. As Sayles points out, virtually all serious collectors of ancient coins, for instance, will sooner or later unwittingly add a fake to their collection, and this is not necessarily a sign of naivete. With U.S. coins, the grading services have greatly reduced the chances of being cheated with high-end specimens. -- Email: (delete "remove this") Coin Collecting: Consumer Protection Guide: http://rg.ancients.info/guide Glomming: Coin Connoisseurship: http://rg.ancients.info/glom Bogos: Counterfeit Coins: http://rg.ancients.info/bogos Always here for my fellow syngraphist or oenophile. --=*=----=*=----=*=----=*=----=*=----=*=----=*=----=*=----=*=----=*=-- |
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Thanks Jim.
Saved me the trouble. J. "Jim" wrote in message ... Subject: Counterfeit detection primer -- periodic post From: Reid Goldsborough Date: 11/8/2003 2:52 PM Pacific Standard Time Message-id: What follows is a distillation of many people's opinions snip |
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Reid Goldsborough wrote:
What follows is...... Considered by some to contain much self-serving drivel. balance snipped Periodic Response: No copyright claimed, intended or implied: As a service to those who might actually believe what is written in the periodically posted "counterfeit detection primer" regarding the legalities of possessing counterfeit coins, I offer the following: US Code Title 49 Subtitle X Chapter 803 Section 80302 specifically defines forged, altered and counterfeit coins of the United States or any other government of a foreign country as contraband. In upholding a lower Court decision regarding the possession of counterfeits in the case of JSG Boggs v. Robert E. Rubin, Secretary of the Treasury, et al, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit stated the following regarding contraband: “Contraband per se comprises objects which are inherently unlawful to possess, regardless of how they are used.” The decision of the Court was appealed to the United States Supreme Court who declined to hear the case. Additionally, US Code Title 18, Part I - Crimes, Chapter 25 - Counterfeiting and Forgery, Section 492 - Forfeiture of Counterfeit Parephenalia requires that all counterfeit coins be surrendered to the government. It further states that if the government has to ask you to surrender the counterfeits, and you refuse, you can be fined and/or jailed. In their decision against Boggs, the Court of Appeals quoted the text of this statute and upheld the lower Court’s ruling that this statute did prohibit possession of counterfeits. The Hobby Protection Act mentioned by the author of the “counterfeit detection primer” is basically a set of guidelines under the jurisdiction of the Federal Trade Commission for the legal manufacture or import of imitation numismatic and political items. The Hobby Protection Act specifically states that it does not replace of supercede existing counterfeiting laws and contains absolutely no evidence to support the author’s claim that it is the applicable law pertaining to fakes of ancient coins. The author claims the former ANA Curator advises marking the holder containing the fake coin. This advice runs counter to the requirements of the organization he worked for at the time the author interviewed him. The ANA Member Code of Ethics requires that the marking be done in the metal of the coin. Finally, the author fails to mention that this former ANA Curator and a man the author identified as “the top counterfeiting guy at Secret Service headquarters” both told him that possession of counterfeit coins was indeed illegal. ++++++++++ Phil DeMayo - always here for my fellow Stooge When bidding online always sit on your helmet Just say NO to counterfeits |
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In , on 11/15/2003
at 01:00 PM, Reid Goldsborough said: Phil DeMayo isn't a lawyer but plays one on the Internet, combining various unrelated statutes and nonbinding court cases and pronouncing definitively, over and over, what's legal and what's not when there's anything but judicial clarity ... You forgot to mention his tendency to FABRICATE text and modify passages to support his "position". How can you be wrong when you can always modify existing text so that it reads the way you want? Just modify and offer as original! For two blaring examples, see the secion entitled Phil's Phib at: http://rcc.servehttp.com/#Phib There is other pertinant information on this page; directly related is the section entitled "Hardheads and Counterfeits (the Bogophobic)". Phil is simply an old, hard-headed dunce. One of a pack of 4 core ..composters who no one should take seriously. He is the centerpiece of my killfile set, and well deservedly so. Nick |
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"Nick Knight" wrote:
You forgot to mention his tendency to FABRICATE text and modify passages to support his "position". How can you be wrong when you can always modify existing text so that it reads the way you want? Just modify and offer as original! For two blaring examples, see the secion entitled Phil's Phib at: http://rcc.servehttp.com/#Phib Yes....please do visit Little Nicky's web page. When you get to the part where he claims I lied about the ANA requiring that fakes be marked in the metal of the coin, scroll up a paragraph or so where Nicky quotes the passage himself and look for the phrase "incused in the metal" ;-) ;-) ;-) ;-) Little Nicky has demonstrated this lack of comprehension over and over again. The rest of his web page is equally baseless. ++++++++++ Phil DeMayo - always here for my fellow Stooge When bidding online always sit on your helmet Just say NO to counterfeits |
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On Sat, 15 Nov 2003 18:20:32 GMT, "Nick Knight"
wrote: You forgot to mention his tendency to FABRICATE text and modify passages to support his "position". How can you be wrong when you can always modify existing text so that it reads the way you want? Just modify and offer as original! Though I see your point, I personally wouldn't characterize Phil as somebody who knowingly and consciously makes up lies. There are those in this newsgroup, a small number fortunately, who do this. My definition of evil is serious wrong done consciously. Repeatedly making up lies is one example of serious wrong. But Phil does a disservice to truth every time he pretends he's a lawyer and does things no lawyer would ever do, engaging is grade-school legal reasoning and pronouncing his conclusions as "the law," then trying to scare people with the awful legal consequences they face if they don't adhere to his version of the law. It's ludicrous almost beyond words. Almost. g The true irony of course with the counterfeit discussion here is how much counterfeit information is put out there by those who say they oppose counterfeits. Counterfeits are bad, even studying them, but it's perfectly OK to put out erroneous information about them because you oppose them so strongly... But all of this, ultimately, is babystuff. You catch somebody lying, and that person says, I'm not lying, you are. You catch somebody being hypocritical, and that person says, I'm not being hypocritical, you are. You catch somebody putting out erroneous information, and that person says, I don't put out erroneous information, you do. And I suppose my continued involvement with this babystuff is babystuff too. I have the most egregious junktalkers killfiled, which helps a good deal, but I still get sucked into this, feeling compelled to look for and then respond to misinformation. And it starts again... -- Email: (delete "remove this") Coin Collecting: Consumer Protection Guide: http://rg.ancients.info/guide Glomming: Coin Connoisseurship: http://rg.ancients.info/glom Bogos: Counterfeit Coins: http://rg.ancients.info/bogos |
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On Sat, 15 Nov 2003 18:20:32 GMT, "Nick Knight"
wrote: Phil is simply an old, hard-headed dunce. One of a pack of 4 core .composters who no one should take seriously. He is the centerpiece of my killfile set, and well deservedly so. But the funniest of all these people, by far, is Leo the Third. He also is not evil, just amazingly unaware, a baby totally unselfconscious of what he does and how he appears. The "Poopooheads" guy, putting this in his email address, openly saying he likes to see others mocked, trying to mock another in every single message he leaves here with a sig devoted to me. Some might consider this a pathological obsession, his being seriously disturbed. I think it's just flightiness taken to the nth degree. His sole purpose with his sig is to try to mock me. Ponder this. It's like putting "Poopooheads" and this on a business card. Yes indeed, there's a fine, upstanding person. You can't help wonder what is he thinking? And how does somebody like this think in the first place? How does his mind work? Boggles my mind. g -- Email: (delete "remove this") Coin Collecting: Consumer Protection Guide: http://rg.ancients.info/guide Glomming: Coin Connoisseurship: http://rg.ancients.info/glom Bogos: Counterfeit Coins: http://rg.ancients.info/bogos |
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